Understanding Common Allergies and Treatment Options

What Are Allergies?

Allergies occur when your immune system overreacts to substances that are typically harmless. These substances, called allergens, can trigger various symptoms ranging from mild to life-threatening.

Common Types of Allergies

Environmental Allergies

• Pollen: Trees, grasses, and weeds
• Dust mites: Microscopic creatures in household dust
• Pet dander: Proteins from animal skin, saliva, and urine
• Mold: Fungal spores in damp environments

Food Allergies

The most common food allergens include:

• Milk
• Eggs
• Peanuts
• Tree nuts
• Fish
• Shellfish
• Wheat
• Soy

Drug Allergies

Common medications that can cause allergic reactions include antibiotics, pain relievers, and contrast dyes.

Symptoms

Allergy symptoms can vary widely:

Mild to Moderate Symptoms

• Sneezing and runny nose
• Itchy, watery eyes
• Skin rash or hives
• Digestive issues
• Coughing or wheezing

Severe Symptoms (Anaphylaxis)

• Difficulty breathing
• Swelling of face, lips, or throat
• Rapid pulse
• Dizziness or fainting
• Severe whole-body reaction

Diagnosis

Proper diagnosis involves:

• Detailed medical history
• Physical examination
• Skin prick tests
• Blood tests (specific IgE)
• Elimination diets (for food allergies)
• Challenge tests (under medical supervision)

Treatment Options

Avoidance

The most effective treatment is avoiding known allergens when possible.

Medications

• Antihistamines: Block histamine release
• Decongestants: Reduce nasal congestion
• Corticosteroids: Reduce inflammation
• Epinephrine: Emergency treatment for anaphylaxis

Immunotherapy

Allergy shots or sublingual tablets can help desensitize the immune system to specific allergens over time.

Living with Allergies

Tips for managing allergies:

• Keep an allergy diary
• Read food labels carefully
• Carry emergency medications
• Inform others about your allergies
• Work with an allergist for comprehensive care